[common] remove ptr indirection on WallClock (#3864)

also devirtualizes manually since compiler doesn't do it with LTO

Signed-off-by: lizzie <lizzie@eden-emu.dev>

Reviewed-on: https://git.eden-emu.dev/eden-emu/eden/pulls/3864
Reviewed-by: crueter <crueter@eden-emu.dev>

src/common/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -184,8 +184,6 @@ if(ARCHITECTURE_x86_64)
         x64/cpu_detect.h
         x64/cpu_wait.cpp
         x64/cpu_wait.h
-        x64/native_clock.cpp
-        x64/native_clock.h
         x64/rdtsc.cpp
         x64/rdtsc.h
         x64/xbyak_abi.h
@@ -193,10 +191,6 @@ if(ARCHITECTURE_x86_64)
     target_link_libraries(common PRIVATE xbyak::xbyak)
 endif()
 
-if(HAS_NCE)
-    target_sources(common PRIVATE arm64/native_clock.cpp arm64/native_clock.h)
-endif()
-
 if(MSVC)
     target_compile_definitions(
         common

src/common/arm64/native_clock.cpp

@@ -1,87 +0,0 @@
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright 2023 yuzu Emulator Project
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-
-#ifdef ANDROID
-#include <sys/system_properties.h>
-#endif
-#include "common/arm64/native_clock.h"
-
-namespace Common::Arm64 {
-
-namespace {
-
-NativeClock::FactorType GetFixedPointFactor(u64 num, u64 den) {
-    return (static_cast<NativeClock::FactorType>(num) << 64) / den;
-}
-
-u64 MultiplyHigh(u64 m, NativeClock::FactorType factor) {
-    return static_cast<u64>((m * factor) >> 64);
-}
-
-} // namespace
-
-NativeClock::NativeClock() {
-    const u64 host_cntfrq = GetHostCNTFRQ();
-    ns_cntfrq_factor = GetFixedPointFactor(NsRatio::den, host_cntfrq);
-    us_cntfrq_factor = GetFixedPointFactor(UsRatio::den, host_cntfrq);
-    ms_cntfrq_factor = GetFixedPointFactor(MsRatio::den, host_cntfrq);
-    guest_cntfrq_factor = GetFixedPointFactor(CNTFRQ, host_cntfrq);
-    gputick_cntfrq_factor = GetFixedPointFactor(GPUTickFreq, host_cntfrq);
-}
-
-std::chrono::nanoseconds NativeClock::GetTimeNS() const {
-    return std::chrono::nanoseconds{MultiplyHigh(GetUptime(), ns_cntfrq_factor)};
-}
-
-std::chrono::microseconds NativeClock::GetTimeUS() const {
-    return std::chrono::microseconds{MultiplyHigh(GetUptime(), us_cntfrq_factor)};
-}
-
-std::chrono::milliseconds NativeClock::GetTimeMS() const {
-    return std::chrono::milliseconds{MultiplyHigh(GetUptime(), ms_cntfrq_factor)};
-}
-
-s64 NativeClock::GetCNTPCT() const {
-    return MultiplyHigh(GetUptime(), guest_cntfrq_factor);
-}
-
-s64 NativeClock::GetGPUTick() const {
-    return MultiplyHigh(GetUptime(), gputick_cntfrq_factor);
-}
-
-s64 NativeClock::GetUptime() const {
-    s64 cntvct_el0 = 0;
-    asm volatile("dsb ish\n\t"
-                 "mrs %[cntvct_el0], cntvct_el0\n\t"
-                 "dsb ish\n\t"
-                 : [cntvct_el0] "=r"(cntvct_el0));
-    return cntvct_el0;
-}
-
-bool NativeClock::IsNative() const {
-    return true;
-}
-
-s64 NativeClock::GetHostCNTFRQ() {
-    u64 cntfrq_el0 = 0;
-    std::string_view board{""};
-#ifdef ANDROID
-    char buffer[PROP_VALUE_MAX];
-    int len{__system_property_get("ro.product.board", buffer)};
-    board = std::string_view(buffer, static_cast<size_t>(len));
-#endif
-    if (board == "s5e9925") { // Exynos 2200
-        cntfrq_el0 = 25600000;
-    } else if (board == "exynos2100") { // Exynos 2100
-        cntfrq_el0 = 26000000;
-    } else if (board == "exynos9810") { // Exynos 9810
-        cntfrq_el0 = 26000000;
-    } else if (board == "s5e8825") { // Exynos 1280
-        cntfrq_el0 = 26000000;
-    } else {
-        asm("mrs %[cntfrq_el0], cntfrq_el0" : [cntfrq_el0] "=r"(cntfrq_el0));
-    }
-    return cntfrq_el0;
-}
-
-} // namespace Common::Arm64

src/common/arm64/native_clock.h

@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright 2023 yuzu Emulator Project
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-
-#pragma once
-
-#include "common/wall_clock.h"
-
-namespace Common::Arm64 {
-
-class NativeClock final : public WallClock {
-public:
-    explicit NativeClock();
-
-    std::chrono::nanoseconds GetTimeNS() const override;
-
-    std::chrono::microseconds GetTimeUS() const override;
-
-    std::chrono::milliseconds GetTimeMS() const override;
-
-    s64 GetCNTPCT() const override;
-
-    s64 GetGPUTick() const override;
-
-    s64 GetUptime() const override;
-
-    bool IsNative() const override;
-
-    static s64 GetHostCNTFRQ();
-
-public:
-    using FactorType = unsigned __int128;
-
-    FactorType GetGuestCNTFRQFactor() const {
-        return guest_cntfrq_factor;
-    }
-
-private:
-    FactorType ns_cntfrq_factor;
-    FactorType us_cntfrq_factor;
-    FactorType ms_cntfrq_factor;
-    FactorType guest_cntfrq_factor;
-    FactorType gputick_cntfrq_factor;
-};
-
-} // namespace Common::Arm64

src/common/wall_clock.cpp

@@ -1,77 +1,196 @@
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright 2025 Eden Emulator Project
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright 2026 Eden Emulator Project
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
 
 // SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright 2020 yuzu Emulator Project
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
 
 #include "common/steady_clock.h"
+#include "common/uint128.h"
 #include "common/wall_clock.h"
 
+#ifdef __ANDROID__
+#include <sys/system_properties.h>
+#endif
 #ifdef ARCHITECTURE_x86_64
 #include "common/x64/cpu_detect.h"
-#include "common/x64/native_clock.h"
 #include "common/x64/rdtsc.h"
 #endif
-#ifdef HAS_NCE
-#include "common/arm64/native_clock.h"
-#endif
 
 namespace Common {
 
-class StandardWallClock final : public WallClock {
-public:
-    explicit StandardWallClock() {}
+#if defined(ARCHITECTURE_x86_64)
+WallClock::WallClock(bool invariant_, u64 rdtsc_frequency_) noexcept
+    : invariant{invariant_}
+    , rdtsc_frequency{rdtsc_frequency_}
+    , ns_rdtsc_factor{GetFixedPoint64Factor(NsRatio::den, rdtsc_frequency_)}
+    , us_rdtsc_factor{GetFixedPoint64Factor(UsRatio::den, rdtsc_frequency_)}
+    , ms_rdtsc_factor{GetFixedPoint64Factor(MsRatio::den, rdtsc_frequency_)}
+    , cntpct_rdtsc_factor{GetFixedPoint64Factor(CNTFRQ, rdtsc_frequency_)}
+    , gputick_rdtsc_factor{GetFixedPoint64Factor(GPUTickFreq, rdtsc_frequency_)}
+{}
 
-    std::chrono::nanoseconds GetTimeNS() const override {
-        return std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::nanoseconds>(
-            std::chrono::system_clock::now().time_since_epoch());
-    }
+std::chrono::nanoseconds WallClock::GetTimeNS() const {
+    if (invariant)
+        return std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::nanoseconds>(std::chrono::system_clock::now().time_since_epoch());
+    return std::chrono::nanoseconds{MultiplyHigh(GetUptime(), ns_rdtsc_factor)};
+}
 
-    std::chrono::microseconds GetTimeUS() const override {
-        return std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(
-            std::chrono::system_clock::now().time_since_epoch());
-    }
+std::chrono::microseconds WallClock::GetTimeUS() const {
+    if (invariant)
+        return std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(std::chrono::system_clock::now().time_since_epoch());
+    return std::chrono::microseconds{MultiplyHigh(GetUptime(), us_rdtsc_factor)};
+}
 
-    std::chrono::milliseconds GetTimeMS() const override {
-        return std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(
-            std::chrono::system_clock::now().time_since_epoch());
-    }
+std::chrono::milliseconds WallClock::GetTimeMS() const {
+    if (invariant)
+        return std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(std::chrono::system_clock::now().time_since_epoch());
+    return std::chrono::milliseconds{MultiplyHigh(GetUptime(), ms_rdtsc_factor)};
+}
 
-    s64 GetCNTPCT() const override {
+s64 WallClock::GetCNTPCT() const {
+    if (invariant)
         return GetUptime() * NsToCNTPCTRatio::num / NsToCNTPCTRatio::den;
-    }
+    return MultiplyHigh(GetUptime(), cntpct_rdtsc_factor);
+}
 
-    s64 GetGPUTick() const override {
+s64 WallClock::GetGPUTick() const {
+    if (invariant)
         return GetUptime() * NsToGPUTickRatio::num / NsToGPUTickRatio::den;
-    }
+    return MultiplyHigh(GetUptime(), gputick_rdtsc_factor);
+}
 
-    s64 GetUptime() const override {
-        return std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::nanoseconds>(
-                   std::chrono::steady_clock::now().time_since_epoch())
-            .count();
-    }
+s64 WallClock::GetUptime() const {
+    if (invariant)
+        return std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::nanoseconds>(std::chrono::steady_clock::now().time_since_epoch()).count();
+    return s64(Common::X64::FencedRDTSC());
+}
 
-    bool IsNative() const override {
+bool WallClock::IsNative() const {
+    if (invariant)
         return false;
-    }
-};
+    return true;
+}
+#elif defined(HAS_NCE)
+namespace {
 
-std::unique_ptr<WallClock> CreateOptimalClock() {
-#if defined(ARCHITECTURE_x86_64)
-    const auto& caps = GetCPUCaps();
+[[nodiscard]] WallClock::FactorType GetFixedPointFactor(u64 num, u64 den) noexcept {
+    return (WallClock::FactorType(num) << 64) / den;
+}
+
+[[nodiscard]] u64 MultiplyHigh(u64 m, WallClock::FactorType factor) noexcept {
+    return static_cast<u64>((m * factor) >> 64);
+}
 
-    if (caps.invariant_tsc && caps.tsc_frequency >= std::nano::den) {
-        return std::make_unique<X64::NativeClock>(caps.tsc_frequency);
+[[nodiscard]] s64 GetHostCNTFRQ() noexcept {
+    u64 cntfrq_el0 = 0;
+#ifdef ANDROID
+    std::string_view board{""};
+    char buffer[PROP_VALUE_MAX];
+    int len{__system_property_get("ro.product.board", buffer)};
+    board = std::string_view(buffer, static_cast<size_t>(len));
+    if (board == "s5e9925") { // Exynos 2200
+        cntfrq_el0 = 25600000;
+    } else if (board == "exynos2100") { // Exynos 2100
+        cntfrq_el0 = 26000000;
+    } else if (board == "exynos9810") { // Exynos 9810
+        cntfrq_el0 = 26000000;
+    } else if (board == "s5e8825") { // Exynos 1280
+        cntfrq_el0 = 26000000;
     } else {
-        // Fallback to StandardWallClock if the hardware TSC
-        // - Is not invariant
-        // - Is not more precise than 1 GHz (1ns resolution)
-        return std::make_unique<StandardWallClock>();
+        asm volatile("mrs %[cntfrq_el0], cntfrq_el0" : [cntfrq_el0] "=r"(cntfrq_el0));
     }
+    return cntfrq_el0;
+#else
+    asm volatile("mrs %[cntfrq_el0], cntfrq_el0" : [cntfrq_el0] "=r"(cntfrq_el0));
+    return cntfrq_el0;
+#endif
+}
+
+} // namespace
+
+WallClock::WallClock(bool invariant_, u64 rdtsc_frequency_) noexcept {
+    const u64 host_cntfrq = std::max<u64>(GetHostCNTFRQ(), 1);
+    ns_cntfrq_factor = GetFixedPointFactor(NsRatio::den, host_cntfrq);
+    us_cntfrq_factor = GetFixedPointFactor(UsRatio::den, host_cntfrq);
+    ms_cntfrq_factor = GetFixedPointFactor(MsRatio::den, host_cntfrq);
+    guest_cntfrq_factor = GetFixedPointFactor(CNTFRQ, host_cntfrq);
+    gputick_cntfrq_factor = GetFixedPointFactor(GPUTickFreq, host_cntfrq);
+}
+
+std::chrono::nanoseconds WallClock::GetTimeNS() const {
+    return std::chrono::nanoseconds{MultiplyHigh(GetUptime(), ns_cntfrq_factor)};
+}
+
+std::chrono::microseconds WallClock::GetTimeUS() const {
+    return std::chrono::microseconds{MultiplyHigh(GetUptime(), us_cntfrq_factor)};
+}
+
+std::chrono::milliseconds WallClock::GetTimeMS() const {
+    return std::chrono::milliseconds{MultiplyHigh(GetUptime(), ms_cntfrq_factor)};
+}
+
+s64 WallClock::GetCNTPCT() const {
+    return MultiplyHigh(GetUptime(), guest_cntfrq_factor);
+}
+
+s64 WallClock::GetGPUTick() const {
+    return MultiplyHigh(GetUptime(), gputick_cntfrq_factor);
+}
+
+s64 WallClock::GetUptime() const {
+    s64 cntvct_el0 = 0;
+    asm volatile(
+        "dsb ish\n\t"
+        "mrs %[cntvct_el0], cntvct_el0\n\t"
+        "dsb ish\n\t"
+        : [cntvct_el0] "=r"(cntvct_el0)
+    );
+    return cntvct_el0;
+}
+
+bool WallClock::IsNative() const {
+    return true;
+}
+#else
+WallClock::WallClock(bool invariant_, u64 rdtsc_frequency_) noexcept {}
+
+std::chrono::nanoseconds WallClock::GetTimeNS() const {
+    return std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::nanoseconds>(std::chrono::system_clock::now().time_since_epoch());
+}
+
+std::chrono::microseconds WallClock::GetTimeUS() const {
+    return std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(std::chrono::system_clock::now().time_since_epoch());
+}
+
+std::chrono::milliseconds WallClock::GetTimeMS() const {
+    return std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(std::chrono::system_clock::now().time_since_epoch());
+}
+
+s64 WallClock::GetCNTPCT() const {
+    return GetUptime() * NsToCNTPCTRatio::num / NsToCNTPCTRatio::den;
+}
+
+s64 WallClock::GetGPUTick() const {
+    return GetUptime() * NsToGPUTickRatio::num / NsToGPUTickRatio::den;
+}
+
+s64 WallClock::GetUptime() const {
+    return std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::nanoseconds>(std::chrono::steady_clock::now().time_since_epoch()).count();
+}
+
+bool WallClock::IsNative() const {
+    return false;
+}
+#endif
+
+WallClock CreateOptimalClock() noexcept {
+#if defined(ARCHITECTURE_x86_64)
+    auto const& caps = GetCPUCaps();
+    return WallClock(!(caps.invariant_tsc && caps.tsc_frequency >= std::nano::den), std::max<u64>(caps.tsc_frequency, 1));
 #elif defined(HAS_NCE)
-    return std::make_unique<Arm64::NativeClock>();
+    return WallClock(false, 1);
 #else
-    return std::make_unique<StandardWallClock>();
+    return WallClock(true, 1);
 #endif
 }
 

src/common/wall_clock.h

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright 2025 Eden Emulator Project
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright 2026 Eden Emulator Project
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
 
 // SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright 2020 yuzu Emulator Project
@@ -20,28 +20,28 @@ public:
     static constexpr u64 GPUTickFreq = 614'400'000;   // GM20B GPU Tick Frequency = 614.4 MHz
     static constexpr u64 CPUTickFreq = 1'020'000'000; // T210/4 A57 CPU Tick Frequency = 1020.0 MHz
 
-    virtual ~WallClock() = default;
+    explicit WallClock(bool invariant, u64 rdtsc_frequency_) noexcept;
 
     /// @returns The time in nanoseconds since the construction of this clock.
-    virtual std::chrono::nanoseconds GetTimeNS() const = 0;
+    std::chrono::nanoseconds GetTimeNS() const;
 
     /// @returns The time in microseconds since the construction of this clock.
-    virtual std::chrono::microseconds GetTimeUS() const = 0;
+    std::chrono::microseconds GetTimeUS() const;
 
     /// @returns The time in milliseconds since the construction of this clock.
-    virtual std::chrono::milliseconds GetTimeMS() const = 0;
+    std::chrono::milliseconds GetTimeMS() const;
 
     /// @returns The guest CNTPCT ticks since the construction of this clock.
-    virtual s64 GetCNTPCT() const = 0;
+    s64 GetCNTPCT() const;
 
     /// @returns The guest GPU ticks since the construction of this clock.
-    virtual s64 GetGPUTick() const = 0;
+    s64 GetGPUTick() const;
 
     /// @returns The raw host timer ticks since an indeterminate epoch.
-    virtual s64 GetUptime() const = 0;
+    s64 GetUptime() const;
 
     /// @returns Whether the clock directly uses the host's hardware clock.
-    virtual bool IsNative() const = 0;
+    bool IsNative() const;
 
     static inline u64 NSToCNTPCT(u64 ns) {
         return ns * NsToCNTPCTRatio::num / NsToCNTPCTRatio::den;
@@ -85,8 +85,33 @@ protected:
     using CPUTickToUsRatio = std::ratio<std::micro::den, CPUTickFreq>;
     using CPUTickToCNTPCTRatio = std::ratio<CNTFRQ, CPUTickFreq>;
     using CPUTickToGPUTickRatio = std::ratio<GPUTickFreq, CPUTickFreq>;
+
+#if defined(ARCHITECTURE_x86_64)
+    bool invariant;
+    u64 rdtsc_frequency;
+    u64 ns_rdtsc_factor;
+    u64 us_rdtsc_factor;
+    u64 ms_rdtsc_factor;
+    u64 cntpct_rdtsc_factor;
+    u64 gputick_rdtsc_factor;
+#elif defined(HAS_NCE)
+public:
+    using FactorType = unsigned __int128;
+
+    FactorType GetGuestCNTFRQFactor() const {
+        return guest_cntfrq_factor;
+    }
+protected:
+    FactorType ns_cntfrq_factor;
+    FactorType us_cntfrq_factor;
+    FactorType ms_cntfrq_factor;
+    FactorType guest_cntfrq_factor;
+    FactorType gputick_cntfrq_factor;
+#else
+
+#endif
 };
 
-[[nodiscard]] std::unique_ptr<WallClock> CreateOptimalClock();
+[[nodiscard]] WallClock CreateOptimalClock() noexcept;
 
 } // namespace Common

src/common/x64/native_clock.cpp

@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright 2020 yuzu Emulator Project
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-
-#include "common/uint128.h"
-#include "common/x64/native_clock.h"
-#include "common/x64/rdtsc.h"
-
-namespace Common::X64 {
-
-NativeClock::NativeClock(u64 rdtsc_frequency_)
-    : rdtsc_frequency{rdtsc_frequency_}, ns_rdtsc_factor{GetFixedPoint64Factor(NsRatio::den,
-                                                                               rdtsc_frequency)},
-      us_rdtsc_factor{GetFixedPoint64Factor(UsRatio::den, rdtsc_frequency)},
-      ms_rdtsc_factor{GetFixedPoint64Factor(MsRatio::den, rdtsc_frequency)},
-      cntpct_rdtsc_factor{GetFixedPoint64Factor(CNTFRQ, rdtsc_frequency)},
-      gputick_rdtsc_factor{GetFixedPoint64Factor(GPUTickFreq, rdtsc_frequency)} {}
-
-std::chrono::nanoseconds NativeClock::GetTimeNS() const {
-    return std::chrono::nanoseconds{MultiplyHigh(GetUptime(), ns_rdtsc_factor)};
-}
-
-std::chrono::microseconds NativeClock::GetTimeUS() const {
-    return std::chrono::microseconds{MultiplyHigh(GetUptime(), us_rdtsc_factor)};
-}
-
-std::chrono::milliseconds NativeClock::GetTimeMS() const {
-    return std::chrono::milliseconds{MultiplyHigh(GetUptime(), ms_rdtsc_factor)};
-}
-
-s64 NativeClock::GetCNTPCT() const {
-    return MultiplyHigh(GetUptime(), cntpct_rdtsc_factor);
-}
-
-s64 NativeClock::GetGPUTick() const {
-    return MultiplyHigh(GetUptime(), gputick_rdtsc_factor);
-}
-
-s64 NativeClock::GetUptime() const {
-    return static_cast<s64>(FencedRDTSC());
-}
-
-bool NativeClock::IsNative() const {
-    return true;
-}
-
-} // namespace Common::X64

src/common/x64/native_clock.h

@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright 2020 yuzu Emulator Project
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-
-#pragma once
-
-#include "common/wall_clock.h"
-
-namespace Common::X64 {
-
-class NativeClock final : public WallClock {
-public:
-    explicit NativeClock(u64 rdtsc_frequency_);
-
-    std::chrono::nanoseconds GetTimeNS() const override;
-
-    std::chrono::microseconds GetTimeUS() const override;
-
-    std::chrono::milliseconds GetTimeMS() const override;
-
-    s64 GetCNTPCT() const override;
-
-    s64 GetGPUTick() const override;
-
-    s64 GetUptime() const override;
-
-    bool IsNative() const override;
-
-private:
-    u64 rdtsc_frequency;
-
-    u64 ns_rdtsc_factor;
-    u64 us_rdtsc_factor;
-    u64 ms_rdtsc_factor;
-    u64 cntpct_rdtsc_factor;
-    u64 gputick_rdtsc_factor;
-};
-
-} // namespace Common::X64

src/core/arm/dynarmic/arm_dynarmic_32.cpp

@@ -113,8 +113,7 @@ void DynarmicCallbacks32::CallSVC(u32 swi) {
 }
 
 void DynarmicCallbacks32::AddTicks(u64 ticks) {
-    ASSERT_MSG(!m_parent.m_uses_wall_clock, "Dynarmic ticking disabled");
-
+    ASSERT(!m_parent.m_uses_wall_clock && "Dynarmic ticking disabled");
     // Divide the number of ticks by the amount of CPU cores. TODO(Subv): This yields only a
     // rough approximation of the amount of executed ticks in the system, it may be thrown off
     // if not all cores are doing a similar amount of work. Instead of doing this, we should
@@ -123,14 +122,12 @@ void DynarmicCallbacks32::AddTicks(u64 ticks) {
     u64 amortized_ticks = ticks / Core::Hardware::NUM_CPU_CORES;
     // Always execute at least one tick.
     amortized_ticks = std::max<u64>(amortized_ticks, 1);
-
     m_parent.m_system.CoreTiming().AddTicks(amortized_ticks);
 }
 
 u64 DynarmicCallbacks32::GetTicksRemaining() {
-    ASSERT_MSG(!m_parent.m_uses_wall_clock, "Dynarmic ticking disabled");
-
-    return std::max<s64>(m_parent.m_system.CoreTiming().GetDowncount(), 0);
+    ASSERT(!m_parent.m_uses_wall_clock && "Dynarmic ticking disabled");
+    return std::max<s64>(m_parent.m_system.CoreTiming().downcount, 0);
 }
 
 bool DynarmicCallbacks32::CheckMemoryAccess(u64 addr, u64 size, Kernel::DebugWatchpointType type) {

src/core/arm/dynarmic/arm_dynarmic_64.cpp

@@ -150,8 +150,7 @@ void DynarmicCallbacks64::CallSVC(u32 svc) {
 }
 
 void DynarmicCallbacks64::AddTicks(u64 ticks) {
-    ASSERT_MSG(!m_parent.m_uses_wall_clock, "Dynarmic ticking disabled");
-
+    ASSERT(!m_parent.m_uses_wall_clock && "Dynarmic ticking disabled");
     // Divide the number of ticks by the amount of CPU cores. TODO(Subv): This yields only a
     // rough approximation of the amount of executed ticks in the system, it may be thrown off
     // if not all cores are doing a similar amount of work. Instead of doing this, we should
@@ -160,13 +159,12 @@ void DynarmicCallbacks64::AddTicks(u64 ticks) {
     u64 amortized_ticks = ticks / Core::Hardware::NUM_CPU_CORES;
     // Always execute at least one tick.
     amortized_ticks = std::max<u64>(amortized_ticks, 1);
-
     m_parent.m_system.CoreTiming().AddTicks(amortized_ticks);
 }
 
 u64 DynarmicCallbacks64::GetTicksRemaining() {
     ASSERT(!m_parent.m_uses_wall_clock && "Dynarmic ticking disabled");
-    return std::max<s64>(m_parent.m_system.CoreTiming().GetDowncount(), 0);
+    return std::max<s64>(m_parent.m_system.CoreTiming().downcount, 0);
 }
 
 u64 DynarmicCallbacks64::GetCNTPCT() {

src/core/arm/nce/patcher.cpp

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
 #include <numeric>
 #include <bit>
-#include "common/arm64/native_clock.h"
+#include "common/wall_clock.h"
 #include "common/alignment.h"
 #include "common/literals.h"
 #include "core/arm/nce/arm_nce.h"
@@ -578,7 +578,11 @@ void Patcher::WriteMsrHandler(ModuleDestLabel module_dest, oaknut::XReg src_reg,
 }
 
 void Patcher::WriteCntpctHandler(ModuleDestLabel module_dest, oaknut::XReg dest_reg, oaknut::VectorCodeGenerator& cg) {
-    static Common::Arm64::NativeClock clock{};
+#if defined(HAS_NCE)
+    static Common::WallClock clock(false, 1);
+#else
+    static Common::WallClock clock(true, 1);
+#endif
     const auto factor = clock.GetGuestCNTFRQFactor();
     const auto raw_factor = std::bit_cast<std::array<u64, 2>>(factor);
 

src/core/core_timing.cpp

@@ -57,15 +57,51 @@ void CoreTiming::Initialize(std::function<void()>&& on_thread_init_) {
     Reset();
     on_thread_init = std::move(on_thread_init_);
     event_fifo_id = 0;
-    shutting_down = false;
     cpu_ticks = 0;
     if (is_multicore) {
-        timer_thread.emplace([](CoreTiming& instance) {
+        timer_thread = std::jthread([this](std::stop_token stop_token) {
             Common::SetCurrentThreadName("HostTiming");
             Common::SetCurrentThreadPriority(Common::ThreadPriority::High);
-            instance.on_thread_init();
-            instance.ThreadLoop();
-        }, std::ref(*this));
+            on_thread_init();
+            has_started = true;
+            while (!stop_token.stop_requested()) {
+                while (!paused && !stop_token.stop_requested()) {
+                    paused_set = false;
+                    if (auto const next_time = Advance(); next_time) {
+                        // There are more events left in the queue, wait until the next event.
+                        auto wait_time = *next_time - GetGlobalTimeNs().count();
+                        if (wait_time > 0) {
+#ifdef _WIN32
+                            while (!paused && !event.IsSet() && wait_time > 0) {
+                                wait_time = *next_time - GetGlobalTimeNs().count();
+                                if (wait_time >= timer_resolution_ns) {
+                                    Common::Windows::SleepForOneTick();
+                                } else {
+#ifdef ARCHITECTURE_x86_64
+                                    Common::X64::MicroSleep();
+#else
+                                    std::this_thread::yield();
+#endif
+                                }
+                            }
+                            if (event.IsSet())
+                                event.Reset();
+#else
+                            event.WaitFor(std::chrono::nanoseconds(wait_time));
+#endif
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        // Queue is empty, wait until another event is scheduled and signals us to
+                        // continue.
+                        wait_set = true;
+                        event.Wait();
+                    }
+                    wait_set = false;
+                }
+                paused_set = true;
+                pause_event.Wait();
+            }
+        });
     }
 }
 
@@ -90,7 +126,7 @@ void CoreTiming::SyncPause(bool is_paused) {
     }
 
     Pause(is_paused);
-    if (timer_thread) {
+    if (timer_thread.joinable()) {
         if (!is_paused) {
             pause_event.Set();
         }
@@ -190,33 +226,22 @@ void CoreTiming::ResetTicks() {
 }
 
 u64 CoreTiming::GetClockTicks() const {
-    u64 fres;
-    if (is_multicore) [[likely]] {
-        fres = clock->GetCNTPCT();
-    } else {
-        fres = Common::WallClock::CPUTickToCNTPCT(cpu_ticks);
+    u64 fres = is_multicore ? clock.GetCNTPCT() : Common::WallClock::CPUTickToCNTPCT(cpu_ticks);
+    if (auto const overclock = Settings::values.fast_cpu_time.GetValue(); overclock != Settings::CpuClock::Off) {
+        fres = u64(f64(fres) * (1.7 + 0.3 * u32(overclock)));
     }
-
-    const auto overclock = Settings::values.fast_cpu_time.GetValue();
-
-     if (overclock != Settings::CpuClock::Off) {
-         fres = (u64) ((double) fres * (1.7 + 0.3 * u32(overclock)));
-     }
-
-     if (Settings::values.sync_core_speed.GetValue()) {
-         const auto ticks = double(fres);
-         const auto speed_limit = double(Settings::SpeedLimit())*0.01;
-         return u64(ticks/speed_limit);
-     } else {
-         return fres;
-     }
+    if (::Settings::values.sync_core_speed.GetValue()) {
+        auto const ticks = f64(fres);
+        auto const speed_limit = f64(Settings::SpeedLimit()) * 0.01;
+        return u64(ticks / speed_limit);
+    }
+    return fres;
 }
 
 u64 CoreTiming::GetGPUTicks() const {
-    if (is_multicore) [[likely]] {
-        return clock->GetGPUTick();
-    }
-    return Common::WallClock::CPUTickToGPUTick(cpu_ticks);
+    return is_multicore
+        ? clock.GetGPUTick()
+        : Common::WallClock::CPUTickToGPUTick(cpu_ticks);
 }
 
 std::optional<s64> CoreTiming::Advance() {
@@ -278,75 +303,29 @@ std::optional<s64> CoreTiming::Advance() {
     }
 }
 
-void CoreTiming::ThreadLoop() {
-    has_started = true;
-    while (!shutting_down) {
-        while (!paused) {
-            paused_set = false;
-            const auto next_time = Advance();
-            if (next_time) {
-                // There are more events left in the queue, wait until the next event.
-                auto wait_time = *next_time - GetGlobalTimeNs().count();
-                if (wait_time > 0) {
-#ifdef _WIN32
-                    while (!paused && !event.IsSet() && wait_time > 0) {
-                        wait_time = *next_time - GetGlobalTimeNs().count();
-                        if (wait_time >= timer_resolution_ns) {
-                            Common::Windows::SleepForOneTick();
-                        } else {
-#ifdef ARCHITECTURE_x86_64
-                            Common::X64::MicroSleep();
-#else
-                            std::this_thread::yield();
-#endif
-                        }
-                    }
-
-                    if (event.IsSet()) {
-                        event.Reset();
-                    }
-#else
-                    event.WaitFor(std::chrono::nanoseconds(wait_time));
-#endif
-                }
-            } else {
-                // Queue is empty, wait until another event is scheduled and signals us to
-                // continue.
-                wait_set = true;
-                event.Wait();
-            }
-            wait_set = false;
-        }
-
-        paused_set = true;
-        pause_event.Wait();
-    }
-}
-
 void CoreTiming::Reset() {
     paused = true;
-    shutting_down = true;
     pause_event.Set();
     event.Set();
-    if (timer_thread) {
-        timer_thread->join();
+    if (timer_thread.joinable()) {
+        timer_thread.request_stop();
+        timer_thread.join();
     }
-    timer_thread.reset();
     has_started = false;
 }
 
-std::chrono::nanoseconds CoreTiming::GetGlobalTimeNs() const {
-    if (is_multicore) [[likely]] {
-        return clock->GetTimeNS();
-    }
-    return std::chrono::nanoseconds{Common::WallClock::CPUTickToNS(cpu_ticks)};
+/// @brief Returns current time in nanoseconds.
+std::chrono::nanoseconds CoreTiming::GetGlobalTimeNs() const noexcept {
+    return is_multicore
+        ? clock.GetTimeNS()
+        : std::chrono::nanoseconds{Common::WallClock::CPUTickToNS(cpu_ticks)};
 }
 
-std::chrono::microseconds CoreTiming::GetGlobalTimeUs() const {
-    if (is_multicore) [[likely]] {
-        return clock->GetTimeUS();
-    }
-    return std::chrono::microseconds{Common::WallClock::CPUTickToUS(cpu_ticks)};
+/// @brief Returns current time in microseconds.
+std::chrono::microseconds CoreTiming::GetGlobalTimeUs() const noexcept {
+    return is_multicore
+        ? clock.GetTimeUS()
+        : std::chrono::microseconds{Common::WallClock::CPUTickToUS(cpu_ticks)};
 }
 
 #ifdef _WIN32

src/core/core_timing.h

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright 2025 Eden Emulator Project
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright 2026 Eden Emulator Project
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
 
 // SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright 2020 yuzu Emulator Project
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ public:
 
     void Idle();
 
-    s64 GetDowncount() const {
+    s64 GetDowncount() const noexcept {
         return downcount;
     }
 
@@ -128,11 +128,8 @@ public:
     /// Returns the current GPU tick value.
     u64 GetGPUTicks() const;
 
-    /// Returns current time in microseconds.
-    std::chrono::microseconds GetGlobalTimeUs() const;
-
-    /// Returns current time in nanoseconds.
-    std::chrono::nanoseconds GetGlobalTimeNs() const;
+    [[nodiscard]] std::chrono::microseconds GetGlobalTimeUs() const noexcept;
+    [[nodiscard]] std::chrono::nanoseconds GetGlobalTimeNs() const noexcept;
 
     /// Checks for events manually and returns time in nanoseconds for next event, threadsafe.
     std::optional<s64> Advance();
@@ -141,13 +138,11 @@ public:
     void SetTimerResolutionNs(std::chrono::nanoseconds ns);
 #endif
 
-private:
     struct Event;
-    void ThreadLoop();
 
     void Reset();
 
-    std::unique_ptr<Common::WallClock> clock;
+    Common::WallClock clock;
 
     s64 global_timer = 0;
 
@@ -165,11 +160,10 @@ private:
     Common::Event pause_event{};
     mutable std::mutex basic_lock;
     std::mutex advance_lock;
-    std::optional<std::jthread> timer_thread;
+    std::jthread timer_thread;
     std::atomic<bool> paused{};
     std::atomic<bool> paused_set{};
     std::atomic<bool> wait_set{};
-    std::atomic<bool> shutting_down{};
     std::atomic<bool> has_started{};
     std::function<void()> on_thread_init{};
 

src/core/hle/service/nvnflinger/buffer_queue_producer.cpp

@@ -26,8 +26,11 @@ namespace Service::android {
 BufferQueueProducer::BufferQueueProducer(Service::KernelHelpers::ServiceContext& service_context_,
                                          std::shared_ptr<BufferQueueCore> buffer_queue_core_,
                                          Service::Nvidia::NvCore::NvMap& nvmap_)
-    : service_context{service_context_}, core{std::move(buffer_queue_core_)}, slots(core->slots),
-      clock{Common::CreateOptimalClock()}, nvmap(nvmap_) {
+    : service_context{service_context_}, core{std::move(buffer_queue_core_)}
+    , slots(core->slots)
+    , clock{Common::CreateOptimalClock()}
+    , nvmap(nvmap_)
+{
     buffer_wait_event = service_context.CreateEvent("BufferQueue:WaitEvent");
 }
 
@@ -485,7 +488,7 @@ Status BufferQueueProducer::QueueBuffer(s32 slot, const QueueBufferInput& input,
         slots[slot].buffer_state = BufferState::Queued;
         slots[slot].frame_number = core->frame_counter;
         slots[slot].queue_time = timestamp;
-        slots[slot].presentation_time = clock->GetTimeNS().count();
+        slots[slot].presentation_time = clock.GetTimeNS().count();
         slots[slot].fence = fence;
 
         item.slot = slot;

src/core/hle/service/nvnflinger/buffer_queue_producer.h

@@ -89,8 +89,7 @@ private:
     s32 next_callback_ticket{};
     s32 current_callback_ticket{};
     std::condition_variable_any callback_condition;
-    std::unique_ptr<Common::WallClock> clock;
-
+    Common::WallClock clock;
     Service::Nvidia::NvCore::NvMap& nvmap;
 };